Optimal Power Flow Analysis of IEEE-30 bus System using Soft Computing Techniques

Abstract— This paper is focused at providing a solution to optimal power flow problem in power systems by using soft computing approaches. The proposed approach finds the optimal setting of OPF control variables which include generator active output, generator bus voltages, transformer tap-setting and shunt devices with the objective function of minimizing the fuel cost. Soft computing optimization methods have been implemented based on genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. The proposed soft computing techniques are modelled to be flexible for implementation to any power systems with the given system line, bus data, generator fuel cost parameter and forecasted load demand. Proposed soft computing optimization techniques have been analyzed and tested on the standard benchmark IEEE 30-bus system. Results obtained after applying both optimization techniques on American Electric IEEE 30-bus system with the same control variable maximum & minimum limits and system data have been compared and analyzed. Proposed methods efficiently optimize and solve the optimal power flow problem with high efficiency and wide flexibility for implementation and analysis on different power system networks.

Keywords— optimal power flow, Fuel cost minimization, Genetic algorithm, Particle swarm optimization.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services. The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Sorption behaviour of maneb in the agriculture soils and its correlation with soil properties

Abstract— Maneb is a broad spectrum fungicide, often reported as a carcinogenic, teratogenic and neurodegenerative agent. Thus, the occurrence of maneb at non-targeted sites is a cause of concern. The present study investigates adsorption–desorption behaviour of maneb in the agricultural soils to know its fate, mobility and availability in the soil. The sorption study was carried out by batch equilibration procedure. Maneb adsorption followed Langmuir isotherm and was accompanied by increase in manganese content of the soil. Maximum adsorption was observed in soil having the highest clay content. High maneb retention was observed in presence of soils modified with organic matter. The results of this study indicate that the clay and organic matter content of soil have significant influence on sorption behaviour of maneb. Amending soil with organic matter can reduce maneb pollution at non-targeted sites.

Keywords— Fungicide, Parkinson disease, Manganese, Organic matter

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services. The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Flow Injection Analysis of Indigo Carmine Using Green Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.) Fiber as a Bioadsorbent

Abstract— This paper deals with a procedure for preconcentration and determination of indigo carmine in textile industrial effluent. The product of Indigo blue sulphonation, 5,5´-disulfonic indigotin (5,5´-DI) aqueous solution was run through a mini-column packed with green coconut fiber (Cocos Nucifera L.) in a flow injection system. The 5,5´-DI was preconcentrated on the sorbent at pH 2 and sample flow rate 3.9 mL min^-1 and eluted by HCl 0.1 mol L^-1 to be detected by UV-vis spectrophotometry at 612 nm. An increase of 18.7% in the indigo recovery was observed with fiber washed with albumin and 11.7% in fiber washed with NaOH. A linear response was observed within the range 0.157 to 75.2 µmol L^-1, with detection limit, coefficient of variation and sampling rate estimated as 0.0376 µmol L^-1 (95% confidence level), 4.5% (n = 21) and 101 determinations per hour, respectively. The enrichment factor achieved was 1.64. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of 5,5´-disulfonic indigotin in textile industrial effluents.

Keywords— Adsorption, flow-analysis, green coconut, solid-phase extraction, spectrophotometry.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services. The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Cellulases: suppliers of energy and basic compounds, so life

Abstract— Cellulose is the main constituent of plants, serving to maintain their structure. Indeed, it is a major component of tough cell walls that surround plant cells, and is what makes plant stems, leaves, and branches so strong. Cellulose represents the most abundant carbohydrate substance in nature. It is a bio-polymer of glucose units related by β1, 4 glucosidic linkages. Cellulose degradation requires a multi-enzymatic system composed of three enzymes which are respectively: the endoglucanases, the cellobiohydrolases and finally the β-glucosidases. The chemical industry has come under increasing pressure to make chemical production more eco-friendly and independent to fossil resources. The biocatalysts are the best solution given by nature that can be used to improve some biotechnological applications. The use of this renewable material within the packaging industry has gained increasing interest in the last decades. In this research review, we report some peculiar information’s and useful data describing cellulases as biocatalysts, their modulation, implication in a range of metabolic pathways and biotechnological tools.

Keywords— Cellulose, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, beta glucosidase regulation, catalytic site topology, biotechnological application.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services. The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Assessment of dynamic traction therapy in lumbar disc herniation by clinical and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes

Abstract—

Introduction: “Dynamic traction therapy” (DTT) is a new standardized conservative treatment option in lumbar disc herniation. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of DTT in lumbar disc herniation, by correlating both clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes.

Materials and methods: In a total of 27 patients (mean age 50.5±9.1), who underwent standardized DTT, MRI was performed before and after therapy and evaluated by two independent radiologists individually and blindly; both grading intervertebral discs according to Pfirrmann classification in terms of degeneration, morphology, localization and nerve root affectation. The effect of standardized DTT on painful herniated discs was correlated with numerical pain rating (NPR) scale from 0 to 10 and clinical outcome.

Results: Significant MRI changes were found in images after therapy compared to before therapy regarding morphology and nerve root affectation (p< 0.05), but disc degeneration grading showed only a tendency towards improvement (p> 0.05), interestingly showing a better disc hydration after therapy. Patients’ NPR decreased from a mean value of 10 to 1 after completed therapy, thus showing a significant change in pain (p< 0.001). Clinical outcome measurements improved significantly after therapy (P<0.001), however changes of MRI grading did not significantly correlate with pain rating and clinical outcome (p>0.05).

Conclusion: Lumbar disc herniation grading showed a positive correlation with patients’ decreased NPR after undergoing standardized DTT, therefore our preliminary results might impact in the therapeutic management of patients complaining of lumbar disc pathology, however further longitudinal studies are recommended.

Keywords— Intervertebral disc herniation, traction therapy, Magnetic resonance imaging.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services. The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Dynamic analyses of a flat plate and a beam subjected to a moving load

Abstract— The objective of this paper is to investigate the dynamic characteristics of a flat plate and a beam subjected to a moving load with the effects of inertia force, Coriolis force and centrifugal force considered. To this end, the theory of moving mass element for plate and that for beam are presented, where the property matrices of the last elements are derived based on the superposition principle and the definition of shape functions. It is found that the order of the property matrices of the moving mass element for plate is , while that for beam is . Combination of the property matrices of the moving mass element and the overall property matrices of the plate (or beam) itself gives the overall property matrices of the entire structural system. Because the property matrices of the moving mass element have close relationship with the instantaneous position of the moving load, they are time-variant and so are the overall property matrices of the entire structural system. For validation, the vibration characteristics of the rectangular plate due to a moving load are compared with those of the beam, with its sizes being the same as those of the plate, due to the same loading conditions and satisfactory agreement is achieved. Some factors closely relating to the title problem, such as the moving-load speed, acceleration, inertia force, Coriolis force and centrifugal force, are investigated. Numerical results reveal that all the above-mentioned parameters affecting the dynamic responses of the plate to some degree.

Keywords— Dynamic responses, Plate, Beam, Moving mass element, Moving load.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services. The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Research the heat transfer simulation analysis of water heater pipeline flow channel system

Abstract— This study is research of gas water heater cycling system with piping the heat transfer simulation analysis of water heater pipeline flow channel system the mold flow software of numerical calculation is FLUENT6.2 the geometric shape and computational grid for quarter bend, When the fluid passes through the shape changed flow field, under the effect of pressure distribution and geometric shape change of the flow field, there will be a recirculation zone. In the flow field of a quarter bend, To understand the structure of the flow field and flow field of temperature a analysis.

Keywords— Gas Water Heater Cycling System, Quarter Bend, Flow Field, Numerical Calculation.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services.

The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Power Efficient Digital LDO Regulator with Transient Response Boost Technique

Abstract— A digital low-dropout regulator (D-LDO) with reduced transient response time and overshoot/undershoot is proposed. The reduction of response time is achieved by using transient response boost technique. The loop gain is increased at the time of deviations exceeding the limit and the loop gain is returned after the output voltage is settled. On comparing LDO with and without transient response boost technique the settling time is reduced. The regulation is done in time mode with the help of high linear voltage to time convertor (VTC) and time to digital convertor. The time domain analog to digital conversion achieves high resolution at low power and small area. And multibit cyclic TDC for high level current efficiency is used.

Key words—Current efficiency, cyclic TDC, digital low-dropout regulator (D-LDO), transient-response boost mode (TRBM), voltage-to-time converter (VTC).

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services.

The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Static and free vibration analyses of a bike using finite element method

Abstract— A successfully designed bike should possess safety and comfort for the riders. A safe bike means that its structure must be strong enough to prevent from damage due to various external loads and a comfortable bike means that its suspension systems must be excellent enough to reduce the transmissibility of disturbance coming from the uneven roads to the rider. In order to achieve the above goals, various methods have been presented; however, most of them assumed that each part of a bike is a “rigid body” except the helical (coil) springs. For the last reason, this paper tries to use more versatile finite element method (FEM) to perform the static and free vibration analysis of a bike. It is believed that a finite element model with all parts of a bike replaced by the “elastic” elements or lumped masses should be more realistic. In this paper, the entire bike structure is modeled by using three kinds of beam elements: pinned-pinned (P-P), pinned-clamped (P-C) and clamped-clamped (C-C) beam elements. Among the main parts of a bike structure, the main frame and rim are modeled by the C-C elements, the elastic effect of each tire is modeled by using a P-C element, and each spoke or each “spring-damper unit” is modeled by a P-P element. The key point of this paper is to study the influence of some pertinent parameters on the lowest several natural frequencies and mode shapes of the bike. It is found that the radius of the hub (disks), the pretension of each spoke, the mass of various attachments or rider, and the riding gesture of a rider have significant influence on the free vibration characteristics, the static deformations and internal forces (and moments) of the pertinent structural members of a bike. Because the mass of a rider is much greater than that of the bike structure itself, the static and dynamic characteristics of a bike with and without a rider on it must be studied, separately.

Keywords— Rider, Bike, Suspension System, Finite Element Method, Elastic Element, Lumped Mass, Main Frame, Rim, Tire, Spoke, Natural Frequency, Mode Shape

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services.

The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Bacteria Associated with the Spoilage of Salad, their resistotyping and Potential Public Health Implications

Abstract— A study of bacteria associated with spoilage of various types of salads purchased from 3 different restaurants in Uyo metropolis was carried out between the months August and October, 2008 using standard microbiological procedures. The mean microbial load in vegetable salad was (3.5±0.25) x 10⁷cfu/g with the sample from food affairs having the highest load (3.7 x 10⁷cfu/g). The mean microbial load in garlic salad was (3.2±0.25) x 10⁷cfu/g also with the sample from food affairs having the highest load (3.6 x 10⁷cfu/g). However, fruit salad samples from Mr. Biggs had the highest microbial load (3.9 x 10⁷cfu/g) out of the mean value of (3.6±0.25) x 10⁷ cfu/g. Analysis of the frequency of occurrence of the isolates revealed that Staphylococcus aureus (33%), Micrococcus spp. (20%), Bacillus spp. (20%), Proteus spp. (13%), Pseudomonas spp. (13%) and Escherichia coli (7%) were the most encountered organisms in both spoiling and fresh (control) salad. The resistotyping of 20 % of tested bacteria were resistant to 5 antibiotics. The presence of Escherichia coli and some potential pathogenic microorganisms in all the samples collected are indications of faecal contamination and unhygienic method of food handling. This suggests that salad should be properly managed during and after preparations to avoid outbreak of food borne diseases. Also the food handlers should be trained and educated on the importance of sanitary condition during food production.

Keywords— Bacteria, salad, spoilage, Staphylococcus species, Escherichia coli, resistotyping.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services.

The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Research of Gas Water Heater Cycling System The laboratory Immersion Corrosion Test of Metal

Abstract— This study is based on the experimental method to investigate the gas water heater cycling piping system, In this experiment, the accelerated corrosion rate of laboratory immersion corrosion test of metal and electrochemical methods, three kinds of water quality to pure water, tap water, groundwater as a corrosion observed. Flow field experiments rectangular boxes, copper tube and acrylic sheet components, In order to visualize the flow, the shadowgraph technique is used. In order to understand the structure of the flow field and flow field of temperature and concentration measurement analysis and mass transfer rates.

Keywords— Flow Field, Electrochemical, Immersion Corrosion Test, temperature, concentration.

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The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Underwater Exploration Mission on Europa Jovian Moon

Abstract— NASA´s spacecraft, Galileo, discovered large amount of water on Europa, one of the Jupiter´s icy moons. Several works claim the existence of a liquid water ocean under the Europa icy crust. Europa is one of the most important regions in the Solar System and might reveal primitive forms of life in its oceans. At the present days, several technologies can be used to design the travel, prepare the landing and build the pressure hull of the submarine. A deep region of ice crust could be melted by an ice breaker, which would reach a liquid ocean and then a small submarine would be released. In this short communication, a preliminary design of both ice breaker and a small submarine for Europa's ocean exploration is considered. Additionally, communication between the submarine and a structure left over the icy crust will be discussed too. Results reveal that a small submarine with less than 80 cm and 2.4 m for diameter and beam, respectively, are required for moderate melting time. A submarine hull in ceramic composite is required to have adequate reserve buoyancy. Several alternatives are analysed for both submarine propulsion problems and underwater communication systems.

Keywords— Spacecraft, submarine, Europa, ice breaker, pressure hull.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services.

The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Comparison of cn estimation approaches

Abstract— The Curve Number (CN) method used for estimating direct runoff depths from rainstorms (developed by NRCS in 1954) is based on a CN parameter (representing the hydrological properties of a catchment) and a λ parameter (representing the initial abstraction ratio Ia/S). In this paper, the CN parameter is determined for 10 small Slovak basins using the original SCS-CN method (CN_tabulated) and empirically from rainfall-runoff events for a 13-year period using four different approaches (asymptotic fitting, arithmetic, median, and a method used by Hawkins et al. [9]) for both natural and ordered P-Q pairs (CN_empirical). The CN_empirical numbers were evaluated and consequently used to determine the direct runoff for both λ equal to 0.2 and 0.05. The results show differences among the selected approaches that indicate variances in the direct runoff computed. The large range of the empirical CN numbers indicates uncertainty. However, the NRCS does not define the uncertainty of the tabulated curve numbers either, and the original data is not available. As a result, this paper will highlight the uncertainty of tabulated CN numbers.

Keywords— Curve Number method, Rainfall-runoff events, Asymptotic fitting.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services.

The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Colossal and frequency stable permittivity of barium titanate nanoceramics derived from mechanical activation and SPS sintering

Abstract— Highly dense barium titanate nanoceramics have been successfully prepared via a mechanical activation synthesis method and Spark Plasma sintering. Attractive electrical properties have been evidenced in these materials: a colossal permittivity, (3.5. 10⁵) and low loss (0.07) at room temperature and 1 kHz, that are stable over a wide frequency range (from 40 Hz to 40 kHz). Surprisingly, the ferroelectric transition is still observed, for the first time to our knowledge, in these colossal permittivity materials.

Keywords— Barium titanate, ball milling, spark plasma sintering, nanoceramics, dielectric properties.

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AD Publications is a rapidly growing academic publisher in the fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research. AD Publications is a registered organization broad-based open access and publishes most exciting researches with respect to the subjects of our journals. The Journals is being indexed and abstracted by all major global current awareness and alerting services.

The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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The Synthesis of Single Tetragonal Phase Zirconia by Sol-Gel Route

Abstract— Zirconia with tetragonal phase is a widely used functional material to toughen ceramics. At room temperature zirconia usually presents in the less stable form of monoclinic phase. In this paper, room temperature single tetragonal phase zirconia stabilized by yttria was successfully synthesized by a sol-gel route at a relative low temperature (≤1000oC). The calcination mechanism of zirconia was determined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, which indicated that phase formation of zirconia started above 600oC. X-ray diffraction patterns showed stabilized with 3mol % yttria was insufficient to obtain fully single tetragonal phase zirconia. As the content of the stabilizer increased, single tetragonal phase zirconia was obtained as observed by Raman spectrum and X-ray diffraction. With 4mol% yttria content, zirconia remains stable with the desired tetragonal phase at room temperature.

Keywords— Zirconia, tetragonal phase, sol-gel, phase characterization.

Highlights

• nYSZ (n=3, 3.5, and 4) were synthesized by Pechini sol-gel route successfully.
• The phase status of 3YSZ, 3.5YSZ, and 4YSZ was investigated.
• The 4YSZ with the pure tetragonal phase at room temperature was obtained.

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The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Calculating Areal Ranfall Using A More Efficient Idw Interpolation Algorithm

Abstract— The estimation of areal rainfall is an important part of solving various hydrological problems utilizing rainfall-runoff and other models. Traditionally used Thiessen polygons (TP) method proved to be inaccurate mainly in mountainous areas and in catchments with insufficient number of rainfall gauges. One of the alternative to this method is an inverse distance weighting (IDW) method giving better estimates of areal rainfall even on places with rugged orography. However, this and similar methods are far less efficient than the simple TP method restraining its use to tasks where computational efficiency is not important. In this study a new algorithm accelerating the traditional IDW method is proposed and applied to three mountainous catchments situated in the central part of Slovakia. The method is compared with traditional IDW and TP methods in terms of both computational efficiency and estimated values. The results showed that while the new method gives the same results as the traditional IDW method it is far more efficient when the computational time was in all three catchments reduced by more than 96%. Keywords - areal rainfall, inverse distance weighting, interpolation, Thiessen polygons.

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The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Three Dimensional Fluid Structure Interaction Modeling of Hemodynamics with Continuous Postures

Abstract— A sudden postural change may produce symptoms or even syncope mainly due to orthostatic hypotension. To date, most hemodynamic studies in postural change focus on the response of static and definite postures. To quantify cardiovascular hemodynamics characteristics during continuous posture, we developed a three-dimensional fluid-structure interaction mathematical model of hemodynamics with continuous posture. In this model, the rotating inertial forces were introduced. By the finite element method, the distribution of blood flow pressure (DBFP) in the inner carotid artery in ±90° postures was numerically simulated with rotation and gravity concerned or not. The simulations are as follows: (1) whether gravity was considered or not, the DBFP varied from two-dimensional axisymmetrical distribution without rotation to three-dimensional asymmetrical one with rotation considered, and extreme pressures occurred in the same positions in the two cases. (2) The effect intensity of rotation is larger than the effect intensity of gravity. So, unlike gravity, rotation affected the DBFP. This indicates that hemodynamic characteristics in certain position during dynamic change of posture obviously differ from that in static and definite posture. This study may provide a novel way to characterize hemodynamics during continuous posture, and consequently help to evaluate the syncope patients, astronauts or pilots and athletes with unexplained syncope more accurately.

Keywords— Blood flow pressure, Continuous posture, Gravity, Hemodynamics, Mathematical Model, Rotation, Syncope.

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The organization aims at undertaking, co- coordinating and promoting research and development. It provides professional and academic guidance in the field of basic education, Higher Education as well in the Technical Education. Our Aims is to Promote and support, High Quality basic, Scientific Research and development in fields of Engineering, Medical-Health, Environmental Science and Agriculture Research and to Generate Public awareness, provide advice to scholar's researchers and communicate research outcomes.

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Bacterial Isolates from Contact Lenses, Frames and Their Susceptibility to Disinfectants

Abstract— Bacteriological assessments of contact lenses and frames were determined using standard bacteriological methods and the susceptibility of the bacterial isolates to Clear Care Cleaning Disinfecting Solution (CCCDS), Eye-Look Optical Lens Cleaner (ELOC) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were assayed using disc diffusion technique. Bacterial isolates from the contact lenses and frames were: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp , Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coagulase negative (CoN) Staphylococcus spp , Bacillus spp, Citrobacter freundii, Corynebacterium spp , Escherichia coli , Haemophilus influenzae, Micrococcus spp. and Aeromonas hydrophila . Only 33 (55.0 %) contact lenses and 41 (68.3 %) frames swabs showed positive growth and of the 41 (68.3 %) frames’ swabs with positive growth, 23 (38.3 %) showed growth of single bacterial isolate, 10 (16.7 %) showed growth of two bacterial isolates, while polybacterial growth was present in 7 (13.3 %). Only 25 (75.8 %) males’ and 16 (59.3 %) females’ frames swabs had bacteria growth, while contact lenses and frames from aged 21-30 yrs and 41-50 yrs had the highest and lowest numbers of bacteria colonization, respectively. The highest and lowest bacteria colonization of contact lenses and frames were from the farmers and civil servants, respectively. Bacillus spp BS-F13, BS-F57 and CoN-Staphylococcus spp CS-C1 were resistant to CCCDS, ELOC and H2O2. P. aeruginosa PA-C50 and A. hydrophila AH-C32 were resistant to both ELOC and H2O2. Only 2/18 (11.1%) and 5/18 (27.8%) of the Gram negative bacteria were resistant to ELOC and H2O2, respectively. The inhibitory zones obtained using CCCDS and ELOC ranged from 6.7±2.5mm to 12.8±0.5mm and 6.8±0.5mm to 11.3±0.8mm, respectively. Conclusively, this study has provided data on the bacterial isolates associated with contact lenses, frames and also showed the considerable variations in the antibacterial efficacy of contact lenses disinfection solutions.

Keywords— Bacteria, Disinfectants, Contact Lenses, Frames, Susceptibility.

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Preparation of Multiphase Poly(Styrene-co-Butyl acrylate)/Wax-Clay Nanocomposites via Miniemulsion Polymerization

Abstract— In the presence of different wax-clay nanocomposites concentrations, poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate) P(S-co-BA) copolymers were prepared via free-radical random copolymerization of styrene and butyl acrylate in miniemulsion. Wax-clay nanocomposites were obtained through ultrasonic mixing at a temperature above the melting point of the wax at different clay loadings (1, 5, 7 and 10 wt%). The main objectives of this study were to obtain a good exfoliation of the clay platelets in the paraffin wax. The obtained wax-clay nanocomposites were then used as filler in the preparation of P(S-co-BA)/wax-clay nanocomposites via miniemulsion polymerization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that the clay platelets were mostly exfoliated in the paraffin wax at low concentrations, and partially exfoliated at high concentrations. The particles morphology of the P(S-co-BA)/wax-clay nanocomposite latexes was mainly determined by TEM, and the wax-clay nanocomposites were found to be encapsulated inside the P(S-co-BA) particles and that core/shell morphology was obtained. The morphology of the P(S-co-BA)/wax-clay nanocomposites (after film formation) ranged from exfoliated to intercalated structures, depending on the percentage of wax-clay nanocomposites loading. The impact of the wax-clay loading on the thermal stability and the thermo-mechanical properties of the final polymer wax-clay nanocomposites were determined.

Keywords— paraffin wax-clay, poly(styrene-co-butyl acrylate), nanocomposites, encapsulation, miniemulsion, core/shell

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Effect of establishment methods and weed-control measures on Broad leaf weeds, yield attributes and harvest index of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract— A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2013-2014 at Pantnagar, District, Udham Singh Nagar (Uttarakhand) to assess the effect of weed-control measures on Broad leaf weeds, nutrient uptake, yield attributes and harvest index under different establishment methods. ZTW recorded significantly higher total dry matter of BLWs over CTW and RTW at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity stage. Clodinafop-propargyl @ 60 g/ha recorded the maximum dry matter which was significantly higher over weedy and two hand weedings at 90 DAS and at maturity stage.. Number of grains per spike exhibited non-significant variation owing to establishment methods. Ready mix of clodinafop-propargyl + MSM @ 64 g/ha and clodinafop-propargyl @ 60 g/ha produced maximum number of grains per spike. Highest harvest index value was obtained under CTW which was at par with ZTW.The highest harvest index value was obtained with crop given clodinafop-propargyl @ 60 g/ha.

Keywords— zero tillage, conventional tillage, roto till seed drill, wheat, broad leaf weeds, yield attributes.

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On the Rational Dynamic Equation on Discrete Time Scales

 

Abstract— In this paper, we study the global stability, periodicity character and some other properties of solutions of the rational dynamic equation on discrete time scales

  Keywords— Rational dynamic equation, Time scales, Equilibrium point, Global attractor, Periodicity, Boundedness, Invariant interval.

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Seismic Evaluation and Comparision of Plan Irregular and Plan Irregular Soft Storey Building with Cross Bracing and Shear Wall System

Seismic Evaluation and Comparision of Plan Irregular and Plan Irregular Soft Storey Building with Cross Bracing and Shear Wall System

                                     Sachin Kulkarni¹, Yogeendra.R.H. G²              

¹P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College, Haveri, Karnataka, India

²Asst Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College, Haveri, Karnataka, India

Abstract— Generally improvement of reinforcement concrete frame structures against lateral loading is shearwall and cross bracing system. The use of cross bracing and shearwall has advantage over other scheme like higher stiffness, strength, and adds much less weight to existing structure. The seismic analysis of reinforced concrete G+6,G+12,G+18 buildings  with Cross bracing and shearwall is studied. The cross bracing is provided at the outer peripheral columns. The building models are analyzed by nonlinear push over analysis method using Etabs software. The main parameters compared are the buildings are lateral displacement, base shear, storey drift, storey, axial force shear and natural time period.

Keywords— Cross bracing , Shearwall , Soft storey, Push over analysis.

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Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) oil refining extracted by mechanical pressing

Yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) oil refining extracted by mechanical pressing

Julianna Karla Santana Andrade¹, Lília Calheiros de Oliveira Barretto², Gabriel Francisco da Silva³, João Antônio Belmino dos Santos⁴

¹ Flavors Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão

² Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro

³ Alternative Technologies Laboratory, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão

⁴ Department of Food Technology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão

Abstract— Clarifiers clays are used in refinery operations of vegetable oils to remove pigments, improving their appearance, odor and flavor. In this study, yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) seeds oil was extracted by mechanical pressing. Passion fruit seeds were dried in a convective dryer under temperatures of 50, 60 and 70°C in order to adjust different mathematical models to experimental data. Physico-chemical analyses were carried out of oil samples resulting from the refining process steps. Oil thermal performance was also evaluated during 90 days. Physico-chemical results varied in each refining stage: refractive index (1.4763 to 1.4666), water activity (0.9567 to 0.5140) and density (1.02 to 0.8914). Thermogravimetric (TGA), derivate thermogravimetric (DTGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves showed that refined oils presented a better thermal stability compared to the standard oil, without the clarification step.

Keywords— clarifiers agents, oil extraction, oil refinery.

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